INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE (IBLL)
The International Bulletin of Linguistics and Literature (IBLL) is a Quarterly HEC-recognized "Y" category journal by The Research Syndicate. It is dedicated to publishing cutting-edge research at the dynamic intersection of linguistics and literary studies. As a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal, IBLL is a premier platform for scholars worldwide, fostering intellectual discourse on the intricate relationships between language, culture, and literature across diverse global contexts. With a broad yet rigorous scope, IBLL features research spanning theoretical and applied linguistics, literary theory, multilingualism, translation studies, and digital humanities, among other emerging fields. The journal champions both traditional and innovative methodologies, encouraging interdisciplinary perspectives that push the boundaries of linguistic and literary scholarship. By ensuring unrestricted access to high-quality publications, IBLL promotes global knowledge exchange, enriching academic dialogue and contributing to the advancement of the humanities. Scholars seeking to engage with groundbreaking research and shape the future of linguistic and literary studies will find IBLL an invaluable resource.
RESEARCH SYNDICATE ACADEMY (SMC PRIVATE) LIMITED
AN ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE-IN-EDUCATION POLICY IN PAKISTAN: IMPLICATIONS FOR STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES
Language policy in education (LiEP) is one of the critical factors in developing learning activities and achieving academic success. In multilingual countries like Pakistan, where Urdu, English, and regional languages coexist, the language policy has significant implications for equity in learning, access, and the resultant outcomes. This empirical study examines the effects of the LiEP on student learning outcomes at both the primary and secondary levels, providing a detailed analysis of English-medium and Urdu-medium teaching. Through methodological triangulation, which involves document analysis, surveys and classroom observations, the study establishes salient policy deficiencies, implementation barriers and linguistic inequities. The results show that while English proficiency is associated with improved academic achievement and higher socioeconomic mobility, it also perpetuates gaps between urban and rural student groups. The research concludes with recommendations proposing a balanced, multilingual model that will improve understanding and inclusivity, aimed at increasing overall academic success.
Language-in-education policy (LiEP), Urdu, English, Regional languages, Socioeconomic mobility, Linguistic inequalities
Copyright (c) 2025 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE (IBLL)
FROM LOCAL TONGUES TO GLOBAL ENGLISH: SOCIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF LINGUISTIC AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN PAKISTANI HIGHER EDUCATION
This study examines the sociological aspects of linguistic and cultural diversity within the higher education context of Pakistan, with a particular focus on the shift from local languages to global English. Pakistan is a multilingual society with several regional languages, as well as Urdu and English. These languages present both opportunities and challenges to students and teachers when engaging in academic discourse and pursuing social belonging and identity. This research study employs qualitative research methods, including semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and classroom observations at several selected universities. Bourdieu’s theories inform this study on linguistic capital and cultural reproduction by examining the impact of social-structural language hierarchies on access, dominance, and academic underachievement. The findings aim to capture the tensions between the role of English as a global lingua franca and the sociocultural importance of local indigenous languages, whose value is often overlooked in higher education. This study addresses the need for research that informs policy on equitable language practices to support inclusivity and linguistic equity in Pakistani higher education.
linguistic, sociological aspects, cultural diversity, Bourdieu’s theories, English as a global lingua franca.
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Assimilation: Language and Accent as the Marker of Identity
The novel "Americanah" by Chimamanda Adichie explores themes of migration, identity, racial dynamics, and the role of language and accent in the formation of identity. Spoken language and accent provide cues to individuals’ social identities and social status. There is a gap in scholarly analysis that examines how these elements impact the immigrants' experiences. The objective of this study is to investigate how the characters use language to negotiate their identities and social standing in diverse settings and how they switch accents to make cultural shifts, claim their identities, and take advantage of different opportunities. It explored the interplay of race, gender, and class using the paradigm of intersectionality. The research employed qualitative content analysis and quantitative research design. It was found out that the immigrants frequently experienced a conflict between the cultures of their home country and the host country. Hence, linguistic choices may be shaped by a deliberate or subconscious desire to assimilate. Over time, an individual's accent is likely to mirror that of the group with which they identify. The linguistic challenges faced by the protagonist underscore the broader immigrant experience, where language becomes a key aspect of negotiating one's cultural identity in a new environment. This mirrors real-world situations where English language proficiency plays a role in both social and career mobility. Even in Pakistan, a strong command of English enhances one's employability and opens doors to opportunities. The study also prompts the readers to question cultural biases and stereotypes prevalent in their own country.
Ethnocentrism, intersectionality, linguistic practices, accent, identity
Predicting Commitment to Teaching in Pre-Service Teachers of Lahore: The Role of Personality Traits and Self-Efficacy
Educational attainment is an agent of personal development, social cohesion, and retention of culture. The current study analyses the correlations among personality characteristics, self-efficacy, and professional commitment amongst pre-service teachers in Lahore. Using a quantitative research design, the study involved 520 participants recruited through convenience sampling in nine universities across the public and private sectors. The data collection was based on a closed-ended questionnaire that included three standardized instruments with a five-point Likert scale. The findings showed that a strong positive correlation existed between professional commitment, personality traits, and self-efficacy. Commitment was positively and strongly correlated with openness as part of the personality domain. Self-efficacy was found to be the most powerful single predictor of commitment and personality traits, though it was less significant in predicting commitment. The results indicate that confidence boosting strategies and personality development should be incorporated into the teacher education curricula. Institutions are thus advised to incorporate selective coursework, mentorship programs, and real-life professional practices as a way of instilling long-lasting dedication in prospective teachers. It would also be helpful for policy-makers to promote systems of professional development that lead to long-term involvement in the teaching profession.
Pre Service Teachers, Commitment; Personality Traits; Self-Efficacy
SOUTH ASIAN VOICES IN ENGLISH: A MULTIDIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF LINGUISTIC VARIATION IN PAKISTANI AND INDIAN ENGLISH NOVELS
The research investigates lexico-grammatical differences between Pakistani and Indian English fiction. The research analyses Pakistani and Indian English fiction through Biber’s (1991) Multidimensional Analysis (MDA) framework. The different English varieties use distinct approaches to storytelling and follow different linguistic patterns. The present research employed a balanced corpus of 150 fiction samples, comprising 75 samples from Pakistan and 75 from India. The data processing utilised the Multidimensional Analysis Tagger (MAT). Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS. The research employed descriptive statistics together with factor analysis. The research examined five distinct dimensions: involved versus informational discourse, narrative vs. non-narrative, explicit vs. situation-dependent, persuasive versus non-persuasive, and abstract versus personal discourse. The analysis reveals that Pakistani literary works, along with Indian narratives, share a prominent structural framework that incorporates informational discourse elements, reflecting a preference for informational over involved discourse. Indian texts depend on situational context rather than explicit statements. Additionally, the persuasive elements in Pakistani writing appear slightly more frequent than in Indian writing, which uses a more formal approach. Both countries favour personal and context-specific over abstract, impersonal discourse. The research reveals significant statistical differences between the two countries.
Multidimensional Analysis, South Asian Englishes, Indian English Fiction, Pakistani English Fiction, World Englishes
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF MIGRATION, CULTURAL CONFLICT, AND SOCIETAL STRAIN IN DUNKI: A POSTCOLONIAL AND STRAIN THEORY PERSPECTIVE
This research article examines the emotional and societal challenges depicted in the film Dunki from the perspectives of postcolonial theory and strain theory. The film chronicles the journey of several characters, with Manu being notably affected by the pressures of poverty and the aspiration for a better life. Manu ultimately decides to engage in illegal migration. Strain theory is employed to investigate the ways in which societal expectations and the absence of legitimate opportunities result in deviant behaviors, such as illicit immigration, as a strategy for achieving success. The research also investigates the methods through which emotional distress and decision-making are exacerbated by cultural conflict, which occurs when traditional values clash with modern aspirations. Furthermore, postcolonial theory is employed to comprehend the persistent influence of colonial legacies on identity, migration, and societal norms, which influence the characters' self-perception and decisions. The intricate interplay of societal pressure, emotional strain, and the enduring effects of colonialism on migration and identity is revealed in this article by examining Dunki through these theoretical frameworks. The results underscore the psychological toll of migration and the catastrophic repercussions that can occur when individuals are entangled between societal expectations and multiple identities.
Dunki, Cinema, Illegal Immigration, Cultural Conflict, Postcolonial Theory, Strain Theory
Copyright (c) 2024 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE (IBLL)
Analysing Gender Indoctrination as a Subjugating Policy against Women in Pakistani English Fiction
The concepts like rejection, objectification, deprivation, and discrimination are not new regarding the suffering of women in the twenty-first century. Women are particularly susceptible to the prevalent situations in today's fast-paced society. This paper analyses The Holy Woman by Qaisara Shahraz in the context of women's subjugation based on gender discrimination. It focuses on how Pakistani society and culture are portrayed in the novel and examines gender discrimination in terms of stereotypes, inequality, racial preferences, otherness, targeting objectification and personal prejudice in various facets of the lives of the novel's characters. Gender discrimination includes the systematic mistreatment of women because it is prejudiced against their socially prescribed roles. The goal of this research is to examine how inherited patriarchal culture operates against women and gender discrimination that affects the lives of the characters portrayed in the novel. This study makes use of qualitative research and the theoretical framework of gender theory and demonstrates how historically, socially, and traditionally, women are assigned poor positions in society. The finding shows that Qaisra Shahraz artistically portrayed the challenges of gender discrimination against women in a society that treats them as a commodity and operates against their dreams and wishes. The study further reveals that women in Pakistani culture are subjugated and are denied their basic rights as portrayed in the novel.
Subjugation, Gender Inequality, Commodification, Segregation, Oppression, Patriarchy and Discrimination.
Navigating Pragmatic Competence of Pakistani EFL Learners' Face-threatening Acts: A Qualitative Study
Realisation of face-threatening acts (FTAs) is a Herculean task for EFL/ESL because it involves understanding the intricacies of politeness and social norms of the target language. The present study focuses on assessing the pragmatic competence of Pakistani English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners in realising FTAs such as ordering, suggesting, and advising. The study utilised a qualitative research design. By employing purposive sampling, the researchers involved BS English novices (n=60) studying in three public-sector colleges in Lahore. The data were collected with the help of the Discourse Completion Task (DCT). The data were analysed qualitatively through a content analysis approach. The analysed data suggested that Pakistani EFL learners showed an understanding of FTAs. Pakistani L2 learners struggle with pragmatic competence, with directness, politeness, and mitigation devices lacking. The study had academic and pedagogical ramifications.
Pragmatic competence, face-threatening acts, politeness, discourse completion task, Pakistani EFL learners
Linguistic Acquisition and Competence: A Case Study of Native Speakers’ Idiomatic Competence
Since idiomatic language improves speakers’ communicative ability and thinking skills, this qualitative case study investigates the idiomatic competence of young Urdu NSs. For the data collection, eighty Urdu speakers filled in a Discourse-Completion Task followed by a detailed interview of ten key informants, chosen based on their performance in the task. The findings reveal that Pakistani youth are inclined to learn English, and the elderly people have stopped using Urdu idioms in their discourse; therefore, the youth cannot comprehend and use idioms appropriately. Hence, they are not growing cognitively and have become semilinguals. The results suggest that at the acquisition stage, children should be provided with complete knowledge of the native language to build their figurative competence. Further, the older generation must transmit these expressions to the younger generation not only to improve their communicative competence but also to maintain the language and its culture.
Investigating Racial Marginality in Athol Fugard’s The Blood Knot
South African Literature of twentieth century exhibits manifold facets of racism. It is a powerful expression not only of how the black people are forced to live on the edges of marginality but also foregrounds multiple impacts of racial marginalization on the lives and psyches of the oppressed. The current research, in the same vein, attempts to investigate the impacts of racial discrimination on black people in the context of the play understudy and secondly, it analyses how marginality is psychologically deep-rooted in the non-white South Africans. Insights pertinent to the research objectives are gleaned from Critical Race Theory (CRT) as propounded by Richard Delgado. In the framework of Critical Race Theory (CRT), the study focuses on varied impacts of racism on main characters. The research findings suggest that the non-white South Africans face blatant discrimination on the basis of their race and it impacts their lives in negative ways. However, the racism is engrained to the extent of being naturalized. That is to say that the way they endorse this white supremacy, it indicates that they have internalized such social roles and the resultant racial discrimination.
Application of Multidimensional Analysis on Covid themed Editorials of Dawn
During the trying times of the Covid-19, the media discourse manifested in the form of Newspaper editorials exhibiting careful use of language. So, in order to analyze such language use, a well reputed newspaper published electronically and in print was selected. Two hundred editorials containing 82,430 words covering the covid theme from Dawn news formed the specialized corpus for the present study. To analyze this corpus, Biber’s Multidimensional Model which was proposed in 1995 has been applied. After compilation of Corpus the data were sent to Biber’s lab for tagging. The raw tagged data has undergone various statistical processes such as factor analysis and promax rotation. The results yielded five dimensions and the system generated diagrams provided the closest text types. The dimensions thus formed include; broadcast, conversations, personal letters, academic prose, and official document. The results obtained from linguistic features having the highest negative or positive loadings were presented in the form of mean values, graphs, figures, and tables. The findings indicate that the editorials from the Dawn are more informational as compared to narrative. Their content had more informational values.
Copyright (c) 2018 INTERNATIONAL BULLETIN OF LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE (IBLL)
A Multimodal Analysis of Political Posters of the Pakistani General Election 2024
This study focuses on the role of multimodality in online political posters designed by different political parties during the 2024 general elections in Pakistan. The endeavor of this article is to highlight how the political parties influence the voters, using the visual and linguistics devices and urging the people to cast the vote in favor of a particular party. Kress and Van’s (2006) visual grammar are important to analyze the visual and linguistic strategies in the political posters. For this purpose, the qualitative data in the form of three online posters of three main stream political parties such as Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML N), Pakistan Tehreek-e- Insaaf (PTI) and Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) from their official Facebook web pages were chosen. The results indicate that political parties use various multimodal devices in online political posters to influence voters and shape their opinions in order to gain their support. This paper also illustrates that the online political poster is considered an important tool used in the election campaign since a large population in Pakistan is more engaged in online activities.
Multimodal Analysis, Visual Grammar, Political Posters, Political discourse
Using Bilingual Instruction for Enhanced Education: Teachers’ and Students’ Perspectives
This study explores non-elite private secondary school teachers’ and students’ perceptions, advantages and disadvantages towards bilingual instruction in Lahore, Pakistan. The goal is an in-depth understanding of these stakeholders’ perspectives on bilingual instruction. A quantitative cross-sectional survey method was used, with 60 teachers and 120 students being selected using a convenience sampling approach. The study employed structured close-ended survey questions to gather data on attitudes, perceived benefits, and drawbacks of bilingual instruction. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses revealed that both teachers and students generally held positive perceptions of bilingual education. While there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in terms of attitudes and perceived advantages, a Mann-Whitney U test did identify a significant difference in their views on potential drawbacks. Key benefits highlighted by teachers included enhanced student engagement, language skill development, and improved career prospects. Students reported feeling more comfortable, confident, and motivated in their learning. Based on these findings, the researchers propose implementing targeted language support services, bilingual curriculum resources, inclusive classroom practices, and continuous evaluation mechanisms to maximize the effectiveness of bilingual programs. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights for educators and policymakers regarding the positive impact that bilingual systems can have on improving academic success and fostering inclusive learning environments.
Bilingual Instruction, Attitudes, Benefits, Drawbacks
'Pak-Sarzameen’ and ‘Hatikvah’: Unveiling the Politico-ideological Parallels
National anthems as the representative symbols of nations are replete with ideological assumptions and beliefs of nations. This paper aims to investigate the startling politico-ideological points of similarity between the national anthems of Pakistan titled Pak-Sarzameen and Israel titled Hatikvah. The two countries are selected due to the existence of several uncanny parallels that are present in the independence movements, establishments, foundational beliefs, and religiously grounded current policies of both. Employing the insights of Teun A. van Dijk’s model of Critical Discourse Analysis and keeping his discursive strategies at the foundation of analysis, the ideological commonalities in both the national anthems are unveiled. The strategies utilized include topicalization, lack of binary opposition, euphemism, impression formation, hyperbolism, emphasis (on land and prayer) and juxtaposition of past, present and future. The findings of the present paper reveal several politico-ideological commonalities between the national anthems including rigid religious ideology, political decisions grounded on religious norms, lack of polarization between Us and Them, euphemistic expressions to build positive national image, hyperbolic lexicon to construct an impression of grandeur, prayer for their future prosperity, hope for future achievements, and ideology of adoration for their land. The findings will prove to be insightful for linguists, discourse analysts and scholars of international relations and political sciences.
National Anthems, Critical Discourse Analysis, Pakistan, Israel, Van Dijk, Discursive Strategies
Writing, Power and Identity: An Ethnographic Inquiry into Higher Education
Formal education is designed in accordance with the values and ideologies of those in authority, and study into formal education provides numerous chances for ethnographers to examine how learning takes place within institutions and how it is assessed. The study draws on ethnographic method in Academic Literacies Approach in its investigation of the academic writing practices in higher education. In this paper, we investigate the opinions of the students regarding their writing procedures and issues as well as their views on their writing assessment in order to know about the reader-writer power relationship and the influence of the institutional norms on writing practices. Since the research is ethnographic, it comprises a short sample and a thorough examination of the information gathered in various stages. Therefore our sample includes only two postgraduate students from a public sector university of Pakistan. The findings from the data are significant as they point to the influential factors that affect not only the students writing practices but also the portrayal of their identity in their academic writing. The reader-writer relationship and academic norms appear to be the significant factors which influence students’ linguistic choices and their self-representation in writing, in an institutional setting that involves power relations. The study sheds light on institutional policies, student-teacher interactions, and their effects on student writing. The study of writing and identity as well as the understanding of students' writing difficulties in the context of prevalent institutional processes are both advanced by the current research.
A Study on Primary Mainstream Teachers' Knowledge, Training Needs, and Concerns Regarding Inclusive Education
The purpose of this study was to explore primary mainstream teachers' knowledge, training needs and concerns regarding inclusive education to be able to suggest strategies aimed at increasing the accomplishment of these teachers in inclusion methods. This research had adopted a quantitative approach was used to collect the data numerically by using cross- sectional survey method. Seven private schools of Lahore where children with special needs are studying in the mainstream classes were chosen for the present study. The sample size consisted of eighty primary mainstream teachers from whom data were collected pertaining to their knowledge, training needs and concerns towards inclusive practices in private schools of Lahore. The sample was selected using convenience sampling strategy. The result of the study revealed that participants showed positive understanding towards the implementation of inclusive education and provide a fair and positive learning atmosphere for every individual. They promote diverse teaching methods and believe in the professional development of teachers. Therefore, teachers also face numerous challenges such as anxiety, time constraint and the need of proper training for successful implementation of inclusive education. This study points to avenues that may contribute to the development of focused interventions, education programs, and support mechanisms to support primary mainstream teachers' skills at deploying inclusive education strategies. Finally, this research is intended mainly to make contributions to the creation of an equitable, supportive learning environment for all students.
Knowledge, Training Needs, Concerns, Inclusive Education
SEMIOTIC REMEDIATION: ANALYZING MEANING POTENTIAL THROUGH MULTIMODAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
The digital revolution has embarked on the inception of multimodal discourse studies that empower the viewers to extract synergistic meanings from a nexus of semiotic resources conjoint in a media artefact. Multimodality embraces the concept of semiotic remediation, where the prior or traditional text is repurposed into contemporary media formats such as film adaption from a novel. Therefore, this qualitative study aims to explore the remediated text such as film for the potential to generate multiplicative meanings owing to the ensembles and semiotic resources through the SFL approach proposed by Kress and Van Leeuwen. This framework offers an overarching and extensive analysis of the visual narrative where a multitude of semiotic devices are incorporated to impart meanings spatiotemporally. Thus, the paper examines three important scenes from the adaptation, of Pride and Prejudice by employing Multimodal Discourse Analysis through representation, interaction and compositional metafunctions to analyze the ‘intersemiotic layering’ in generating the synergistic effect of the narrative. The findings suggest that multimodal remediated text is multifaceted and enrich the interpretive possibilities through the environment, kinesthetic movements of the characters and other semiotic resources.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF TRANSLATION OF THE POEM “BULLAH KIJANAY MEIN KON” BY BULLEH SHAH
This research is based on Translation Analysis of the poem that is written By Punjabi Sufi poet Bulleh Shah. This paper attempts to compare two translations of the poem by two different Translators. The poem is translated by Rabbi Shergill and Fatima Sohnya Jamal from Punjabi Language to English Language. Translators who hail from different background have looked at the poem from different angles, thus it influenced the translating process. Researcher selected the model of Eugene Nida’s principle of equivalent effect as the framework of the research. The purpose of the study is to analyze that either these translation convey the content, form and feel of the original text or not in the perspective of Nida’s approach of translation. This article will be helpful to understand the sense of original text which is used by Bulleh Shah and also will helpful to find which translation is closer with the original text.
INVESTIGATING HOW LITERARY DEVICES INFLUENCE SECOND LANGUAGE INSTRUCTION
Language acquisition is essential for human communication, personal development, and cultural engagement. The present research aims to understand and describe how educational Second Language (SL) focuses on English language (EL) teachers from Lahore, Pakistan. The Natural Approach, Communicative Language Teaching, and Task-Based Language Learning explore how different teaching methods affect language learning. Further, it explores the way of using literary devices such as metaphors, similes, personification, and hyperbole in languages to improve understanding and develop language proficiency. The study uses a quantitative method, specifically structured questionnaires that were administers to fifty English language teachers in twenty colleges. The quantitative research approach incorporates the use of descriptive statistics with SPSS to ascertain teaching effectiveness perception, learner engagement, and literary devices. Concerning attitudes towards different methodologies, the obstacles are presented in a quite diverse fashion, and preferences are shifting towards the more interactive and communicative orientations in contrast to the more grammar- and form-based approaches. This work offers limitations to efficient language teaching which include use of creativity and proper incorporation of figurative language. This underlines the necessity for teachers to engage in the process of professionalism where the education approaches and teaching practices are to be updated with the new linguistic theories and educational paradigms. Finally, the work seeks to educate educators on the best strategies to promote language acquisition and cultural comprehension both within and outside the classroom.
BREAKING DOWN SPEECH BARRIERS: EXPLORING PHONOLOGICAL DISORDERS AND INTERVENTION METHODS IN CHILDHOOD SPEECH"
The purpose of this study is to clarify the frequency, causes, and consequences of phonological issues in children. Children with phonological disorders face a number of challenges in their quest for academic success and the efficient development of their communication skills. The study uses an extensive methodology to identify patterns and contributing factors of phonological dysfunction, including neuropsychological testing, linguistic analysis, and clinical examinations. The study employs a comprehensive review of the literature in addition to clinical case studies and empirical research to provide a precise understanding of speech threads and phonological anomalies. This aids in elucidating the fundamental reasons, criteria for diagnosis, and possible treatments for certain conditions. This study aims to answer the following questions: 1. What speech thread patterns do children with phonological issues display? 2. What possible extrinsic variables might influence the way kids with phonological issues construct their speech threads? A mixed-methods research technique, including quantitative and qualitative methodologies, will be used for this project. Children with phonological difficulties aged 4 to 8 who are chosen from educational and clinical settings will make up the sample. Participants' speech samples will be gathered using standardized tests such as the Phonological Awareness Test2 (PAT-2) and the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation-3 (GFTA-3). Software for acoustic analysis will be used to look at voice thread patterns. The principal finding of the study is etiological Diversity, which has Many etiological factors have been connected to phonological problems in children have been connected to several etiological causes, including environmental circumstances, neurological characteristics, and genetic predispositions. The study found that 33% of the children in the sample had phonological problems. Boys (19%) had a somewhat higher incidence than girls (14%). The majority of children had difficulty with some speech sounds, particularly /s/, /r/, and /l/.
ANALYSIS OF REALISM IN “ARMS AND THE MAN” BY GEORGE BERNARD SHAW
This research study sets up to present a comprehensible exploration of Realism in, “Arms and the Man” by George Bernard Shaw. The researchers of the current study make use of descriptive and analytic methods to gain the objective of Realism in the current study of the play, “Arms and the Man”. This study presents some important aspects of Realism from the play which is considered to be a fine specimen of satire and romanticism. This research study also defines the difference between Realism and Romanticism as realism has a significant role in establishing Societies and it involves large areas. So the researchers of this study focus to provide the basic aspects of realism through society and the current study of concrete reality in society by providing the thoughts and ideas of G.B Shaw in the play “Arms and the Man”. According to the current study. The researcher of this study has also set some recommendations for further study in the conclusion only to gain benefit from this study. The researchers of this study have focused on the ideas and thoughts of G.B Shaw who explores love and war and war is reflected as an aspect of realism in the play “Arms and the Man”.
FEMALE BODY AND SEXUALITY AS A SITE FOR FEMINIST RESISTANCE IN POSTCOLONIAL CARIBBEAN PERSPECTIVE IN JAMAICA KINCAID’S NOVEL LUCY
This paper explores how the Caribbean young women in the novel Lucy (1990) resist the conventional Caribbean upbringings by using their bodies. Lucy in Kincaid’s novel brushes off all the Caribbean decencies and righteousness that define the restrictions of female sexuality anticipating and returning men’s sexual advances. The central character, Lucy, in the novel ascertains that only sex cannot emancipate her from societal restriction, and that she has further closeness to the Caribbean principles and society than she comprehended. Fictional illustrations of Caribbean moral and ethical prospects of the sexualities of women are studied by means of their involvement into sexual activities. Lucy routines sex as an element of her shift towards emotional mellowness. This paper attempts to explore the female body and sexuality in postcolonial Caribbean perspectives by analyzing the female body as a site for feminist resistance. She revolts against the conventional female structure and Caribbean norms by initiating sex with the young boy, so she overcomes these barriers of tradition and history. The female body then turns out to be the place of confrontation for gaining control over the patriarchal mindset. Lucy’s corporeal space comes to be the solitary option for combating and confronting colonial patriarchal structures. It shows that literally every feature of female individuality and attempt for freedom and self-determination is influenced by the restraints of female sexuality. Lucy’s choice of debasing the significance of her body as an act of resistance examines the ways by which a female’s body functions as an act of defiance to oppressive Caribbean patriarchal structures.
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE ALCHEMIST BY PAULO COELHO, AS AN INSTANCE OF POSTMODERN SPIRITUAL REVIVAL IN FICTION
The contemporary resurgence of reviving the theme of spirituality in English literature is the pivotal concern of this paper. The selected novel, i-e, The Alchemist, by Paulo Coelho, depicts the central character's spiritual transformation. Such literary representations in a contemporary setting will cause to name it the postmodern thematic revival of spirituality. Although the collective mention of these two themes is new, it is a true endeavor to merge them. This thematic amalgamation is also named postmodern self-reflexiveness. The binary of postmodernism and spirituality is crafted and dealt with very masterly. This paper will pave the way for relevant endeavors and open new avenues for future research.
EXPLORING POSTMODERN ASPECTS IN “BURNT SHADOWS”
Burnt Shadows by Kamila Shamsie gives a fragmentary account of socio-political, historical events and shows the journey of Hiroko Tanaka. The selected novel is written by a Pakistani writer. Various new writing techniques are used in this novel that creates comprehension problems for novice readers. This novel has been dissected from diverse points of view. Hardly any critic analyzed this text through new literary trends. The present study is conducted to explore the selected text using postmodern literary theory as the theoretical framework. Data is collected through secondary sources. Textual analysis is used to analyze the novel which shows several postmodern elements are used in the novel. The major postmodern elements are present in the text. This research also enables the reader to understand the novel.
AN ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL COHESION USED IN THE ENGLISH ESSAYS OF PROF AFTAB AHMED AT INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
The current study evaluates the cohesive ties of essay writing. Cohesion is of paramount importance in academic writing. Ten essays have been taken from renown English Grammar and Composition for intermediate level. The data have been analyzed with the help of a software, Coh-Metrix. The results show high level of cohesion and connectedness in them. There is syntactic simplicity, referential Cohesion, concreteness of words, easability and narrativity of very high level. The methodology adopted for the analysis will provide the researchers new avenues to work on cohesion in academic writing.
FACTORS AFFECTING LEARNERS' MOTIVATIOAL LEVEL TO LEARN ENGLISH IN PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES OF PAKISTAN
Motivation is considered an essential facet of the learning process. Motivation makes it easy to achieve the target goals in the learning process. The present study is conducted to highlight the factors that affect the motivational level of the learners in learning English in private universities in Pakistan. The factors that affect the motivational level are integrativeness, instrumental (promotion, prevention), English anxiety, travel orientation, the influence of family and teachers. Quantitative methods are adopted for this study. Quantitative data are collected through a structured questionnaire non -random convenience sampling is adopted to collect quantitative data from approx. Fifty students from two different universities are selected. The results indicate that there is a positive change in student motivational levels. The results also indicate that the factors mentioned above affect learners' motivation. This study is helpful for both students and teachers in solving the motivational problems in learning English as a second language.
WRITING DIFFICULTIES IN ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE IN RURAL AREAS OF PAKISTAN
The English language has an important role in Pakistan as a valuable means of communication in local and international circles. It is used as a medium of instruction in many Pakistani institutions; not only in schools but also in colleges and universities. Students in Pakistan face numerous difficulties in learning English as a second language. The purpose of this study is to sort out writing difficulties that students face when they write English. The study was conducted in a rural area in Baigpur District Gujranwala in Pakistan. Data were collected from two secondary boys' public schools. Students were selected at the matriculation level. The quantitative method was adopted for this study. Quantitative data were collected through a structured questionnaire; non-random sampling was adopted to collect quantitative data. The target population of the current study was all English language students in public schools in Baigpure. 30 students were selected randomly as the sample for conducting this study. It was found that students at matriculation faced several problems in writing English as a second language. Some causes become an obstacle in their English writing composition. This study would be helpful for both students and teachers to improve their writing skills and be acquainted with problems that become an impediment to writing English as a second language.
ABJECTIFYING THE OTHER: A STUDY OF ENTOMOLOGICAL AND VERMINOUS TROPE IN ROHINTON MISTRY’S A FINE BALANCE
This article on Indian-Canadian novelist Rohinton Mistry’s A Fine Balance (1996) traces the entomological and verminous trope in the novel in order to establish a link between insects and the suppressed sections of the Indian society. The research has been prompted by a scarcity of scholarly material on Mistry’s abundant use of entomological and verminous imagery throughout his fiction. Addressing this gap, I argue that Mistry makes a significant intervention in the literary discourse on the Indian Emergency, imposed by the Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1975, by making visible the dehumanization and plight of the people on the margins of the society. Employing Julia Kristeva’s notion of abjection (1982) as a theoretical framework, the essay contends that the multitudes of insects wriggling into the novel are symptomatic of the creatureliness of the underprivileged human beings and their positioning beyond the boundary of common humanity and ethical responsiveness during the Emergency. Through an explication of the four main characters’ multiple encounters with worms and insects, the novel problematizes and contests the narratives of idealism woven around the Emergency by those in power. Attending to the notions of repulsion, fragility and infestation commonly associated with abject creatures, the article analyses the role of the political ideology in producing optimal conditions to obfuscate the vulnerability of the disenfranchised and the homeless.
THE "UNTASTED NECTOR" OF MUTED ECOLOGY: AN ECOFEMINIST ANALYSIS OF TROILUS AND CRESSIDA
The great master Shakespeare remains an over-researched fellow in the postmodern discursive revolution. He is revisited for Marxism, structuralism, feminism, postmodernism. The great classic Shakespeare offers endless capacity for discursive underpinning. But the present research focuses on exploring the character traits of Cressida that peep into the dark recesses of her consciousness, and I take this epistemological depth as a "deep ecology" that comes to life with the collaboration of a very inclusive framework of ecological criticism. The excessive critical works on female characters of Shakespeare start in the 20th century, with the Modern lady Macbeth as Hedda Gabler, Anne Shirley as Anne of Green Gables (1908) appears analogous to Desdemona of Othello and of Romeo and Juliet in defying their fathers and going against the sanctity of popular mores of society. Since Ecocriticism is a relational point that absorbs in its theoretical framework countless diversions, it is much more than a theory by employing this critical ecofeminism framework by Susan Buckingham. (Gender and Environment 2000) as a stance of exploring the unexplored areas of the female character of Cressida, I have named it "muted ecology" (Buckingham ). The research is conducted by employing the textual details contributory to developing the Character of Cressida, the plot, and the sub-plot. The term "untasted Nector" is borrowed from the speech of Troilus.
Breaking Down Speech Barriers: Exploring Phonological Disorders and Intervention Methods in Childhood Speech"
The purpose of this study is to clarify the frequency, causes, and consequences of phonological issues in children. Children with phonological disorders face a number of challenges in their quest for academic success and the efficient development of their communication skills. The study uses an extensive methodology to identify patterns and contributing factors of phonological dysfunction, including neuropsychological testing, linguistic analysis, and clinical examinations. The study employs a comprehensive review of the literature in addition to clinical case studies and empirical research to provide a precise understanding of speech threads and phonological anomalies. This aids in elucidating the fundamental reasons, criteria for diagnosis, and possible treatments for certain conditions. This study aims to answer the following questions: 1. What speech thread patterns do children with phonological issues display? 2. What possible extrinsic variables might influence the way kids with phonological issues construct their speech threads? A mixed-methods research technique, including quantitative and qualitative methodologies, will be used for this project. Children with phonological difficulties aged 4 to 8 who are chosen from educational and clinical settings will make up the sample. Participants' speech samples will be gathered using standardized tests such as the Phonological Awareness Test-2 (PAT-2) and the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation-3 (GFTA-3). Software for acoustic analysis will be used to look at voice thread patterns. The principal finding of the study is etiological Diversity, which has Many etiological factors have been connected to phonological problems in children have been connected to several etiological causes, including environmental circumstances, neurological characteristics, and genetic predispositions. The study found that 33% of the children in the sample had phonological problems. Boys (19%) had a somewhat higher incidence than girls (14%). The majority of children had difficulty with some speech sounds, particularly /s/, /r/, and /l/.